Attachment Theory In the 1950s, the idea of attachment theory was developed. Attachment theory is a psychosocial explanation for human bonding; it is used to inform psychotherapeutic approaches. Understanding attachment: Parenting, child care, and emotional . Secure attachment Secure attachment style refers to the ability to form secure, loving relationships with others. It refers specifically to the child’s sense of security and safety when in the company of a particular adult (Wittmer, 2011). Social constructionists believe that things that are generally viewed as natural or normal in society, such as understandings of gender, race, class, and disability, are socially constructed, and consequently aren’t an accurate reflection of reality. Anxious-resistant attachment. Attachment theory, pioneered by John Bowlby, holds that an individual’s emotional and. However, the application of attachment theory to social work is more significant in the three key messages that it espouses: It is vital for social workers to offer children and families a safe haven and secure base. In recent studies this theory has been. Attachment Theory: Social Work Implications. The attachment provides a model for understanding how past experiences of care influence the child's strategies for gaining protection and comfort. They define root intensity as respiration per square meter of surface area, which is closely related to rooting depth. John Bowlby originated attachment theory to explain how these bonds form between an infant and a caregiver, and Mary Ainsworth later expanded on his ideas. 1 Attachment in this model includes any type of social bond but primarily focuses on emotional engagement. Attachment Theory In the 1950s, the idea of attachment theory was developed. Attachment behavior in adults towards the child includes responding sensitively and appropriately to the child's needs. Bowlby describes attachment as: "Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another person across time and space. Define and practice what it means to work in the present moment Integrate a body-centered lens and skills Explore the impact of attachment wounding and complex trauma Deepen into assessment, diagnosis and treatment of dissociation and dissociated parts Explore tracking and contacting the impact of oppression over the life course. The most important tenet is that young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary. The theory aimed to illuminate both the cognitive processes that lead people to define their group memberships. Attachment is a theory about danger and how we organize in the face of it Crittenden and Clausson 2000 We hear a lot about ‘attachment’ and its important in care proceedings. The 'Crossing Bridges Model' (SCIE 2011) is introduced as a tool for. so please according to my religion, you need to write the assessment. Social contract theory is the belief that societies exist through a mutual contract between individuals, and the state exists to serve the will of the people. Attachment is. RELATED READS: Attachment Theory and Child Development. Attachment can be characterised as an invisible bond formed in relationships. In essence, this theory has. In essence, this theory has. Defining attachment. a set of concepts that explain the emergence of an emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver and the way in which this bond affects the child’s behavioral and emotional development into adulthood. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Attachment theory will be a familiar concept for social workers who work with children; a model to understand how early experiences of care influence a child’s strategies for. It includes A desire for proximity to an attachment figure A sense of security derived from a person's presence A feeling of distress when the person is absent An interaction between two people who react to each other's signals. Attachment is one specific aspect of the relationship between a child and a parent with its purpose being to make a child safe, secure and protected. There are four adult attachment styles: secure attachment, anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and fearful-avoidant (aka disorganized) attachment. Based on his theory, four adult attachment styles were identified: 1. The first and most important element of social bond theory is attachment, which refers not only to interpersonal relationships but also to social and cultural standards. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 667-671. This is called monotropy. Dec 2022. Attachment is a deep emotional bond between two people. Please go through the attached presentation which we need to include in the below three points. Nov 03, 2021 · Course: #1285 Level: Intermediate 1 Hour 549 Reviews. E-Book Overview "John Bowlby is one of the outstanding psychological theorists of the twentieth century. The present theories on school success point out the fact that interpersonal intelligence (and intrapersonal intelligence too)- identified by other authors as emotional intelligence and/or social intelligence- plays a significant role, not at all to be ignored. While political communication theory has been defined as communication between political leaders, media, and the citizens, its mainstream application has paid greater attention to political marketing. The emotional bond should result in the feeling of security or trust that an infant develops in him or herself. Many of these theories have been developed within the. Infants with a. Continuing Education By A Social Worker (SC), Category I Social Work (WV), . Attachment therapy can help you address some of the subconscious, lingering issues from your childhood that still impact your ability to form meaningful relationships as an adult. Involvement in family matters can be disrupted by addiction in the family. Macroeconomics by N. com: Attachment Theory for Social Work Practice: 9780333625620: Howe, David: Books. Secure attachment. An infant wants care and protection. The growing complexity of student needs, and the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on service systems adds to the problematic landscape. 2 This paper results from the authors experience as a critical social worker and latterly as a lecturer in social work. noun Psychology. 11 ene 2021. Bowlby describes attachment as: "Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another person across time and space. Gregory Mankiw 9th edition - Academia. Course created on November 3, 2021. In view of this, there is a need for critical social workers to question attachment theory and the positivist research instruments, which are being used to inform theory and practice. Attachment Theory In the 1950s, the idea of attachment theory was developed. They can then plan effective intervention strategies to assist clients in organizing appropriate pathways to correct negative self- and object-working models toward the objective of adopting a secure attachment style. In particular, attachment theory highlights the importance of. The attachment theory is probably one of the most studied. Attachment is one specific aspect of the relationship between a child and a parent with its purpose being to make a child safe, secure and protected. In addition, this course explores how these attachment styles can be utilized in clinical intervention with clients. A child must rely. Full-text available. While attachment tends to be related to how we internalize social expectations, the element of commitment refers to our acceptance and willingness to adhere to those social expectations. Key Takeaways: Attachment Theory Attachment is a deep, emotional bond that forms between two people. Dec 02, 2020 · At its core, social work focuses on "person-in-environment" (PIE) theory. This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. Encouraging them to view themselves as a valued member of society. In other words, we need to define the. Attachment Theory is one of the most influential theories that informs the work of adopters and foster carers. A child must rely. Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secure base from which an infant can explore the world. Characteristics of Attachment. It is usually the ‘main’ person that is consistently meets a child’s needs. RELATED READS: Attachment Theory and Child Development. E-Book Overview "John Bowlby is one of the outstanding psychological theorists of the twentieth century. At Circle of Security International, we focus on training providers with many different backgrounds and from many different disciplines to help caregivers connect with the children in their lives. 1 Physical development from conception through birth, and influences on prenatal development. 27 abr 2018. 27 abr 2018. Because attachment theory covers the. In both roles, she has become increasingly concerned about how some social workers and social work students are enthusiastically embracing attachment theory. This guide explores how each theory and practice model functions within the PIE theory. This guide explores how each theory and practice model functions within the PIE theory. attachment theory posits that people develop strong bonds with particular others to fulfil their personal needs (yip et al. In simple terms, a theory is what you think about a specific situa tion and what you speculate might occur based on that situation, and. Kenny Toshack talks about some of his experiences and the importance of observation in child protection and attachment work. Attachment theory provides a framework for defining the relationship between a primary caregiver and an infant or young child to determine . The attachment theory is probably one of the most studied. Secure attachment. Attachment Theory Books. Despite the recognized importance of social work field education, concerns about its dependence on already strained service delivery systems for student learning persist. Attachment Theory: Social Work Implications that attachment theory adheres to the notion that mental health issues come from detrimental early childhood caregiver relationships. avoidant-dismissive , 3. Attachment Theory In the 1950s, the idea of attachment theory was developed. Attachment Theory is one of the most influential theories that informs the work of adopters and foster carers. As understood, achievement does not suggest that you have fabulous points. noun Psychology. Attachment is one specific aspect of the relationship between a child and a parent with its purpose being to make a child safe, secure and protected. Attachment theory 1, 2, 3 is amongst the most popular theories of child development and has received much attention from psychologists and researchers across the world for the last 50 years. Attachment theory is a psychological model that provides an influential, biologically driven explanation of how the parent-child interaction emerges and how it influences human development over a life span. Attachment can be characterised as an invisible bond formed in relationships. According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, attachment is a psychological connectedness that occurs between humans and lasts for a long period of time. How we form emotional connections with self and . Additionally, many of these theories are rooted in psychological and sociological research. 1 Attachment in this model includes any type of social bond but primarily focuses on emotional engagement. Jul 02, 2020 · Attachment Theory In the 1950s, the idea of attachment theory was developed. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6, 243-257. 1 Theories of cognitive development 298 - 304 2. This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. Social work is a profession that is committed to helping and advocating for oppressed and disadvantaged people and fighting injustice in society. Nov 06, 2018 · Attachment is defined as an emotional bond that emerges during the first year of life in interactional situations between an infant and one or a few significant adult caregivers, mainly the mother. Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secure base from which an infant can explore the world. The idea of attachment theory is that infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive. theories to life through the interpretation of illustrative historic and current biographies. Attachment styles develop early in life and often remain stable over time. While political communication theory has been defined as communication between political leaders, media, and the citizens, its mainstream application has paid greater attention to political marketing. Attachment theory, in as far as we understand it here has developed largely from the work of Bowlby and subsequently Ainsworth. Attachment Theory Definition An attachment refers to the strong emotional bond that exists between an infant and his or her caretaker. When a primary caregiver (usually, a mother) responds adequately to a child’s needs, the child gets securely attached to the caregiver. The attachment theory is designed to explain the evolution of that bond, its development, and its implications for human experience and relationships across the life course. Emotion coaching can also be used by social workers, to some extent. Summative Assignment. This course provides didactic information on attachment theory, attachment styles, and how attachment may present in the therapeutic setting. 4j03 week 1 reading – chapter 1: social movements: the structure of collective action defining social movements (pg. Key Takeaways: Attachment Theory Attachment is a deep, emotional bond that forms between two people. Dec 02, 2020 · Social workers can incorporate components of several different clinical theories in their work with clients. When they can sense that they are safe, they can shift into their social engagement system. Taking a comprehensive and wide-ranging look at the theories emerging in and around attachment theory, it provides a sophisticated but accessible base from which social workers can make sensitive assessments and develop humane practices. Plagiarism The representation of another’s work as one’s own, or the inadequate citing of sources. A human being’s first attachment is often established during infancy with the primary caregiver; however, it must be noted that attachment is not unique to infant-caregiver relationships, but may also be present in other forms of social relationships. The theory of social constructionism states that meaning and knowledge are socially created. Nov 03, 2021 · Course: #1285 Level: Intermediate 1 Hour 549 Reviews. While political communication theory has been defined as communication between political leaders, media, and the citizens, its mainstream application has paid greater attention to political marketing. Attachment Theory Based on her observations and research, Ainsworth concluded that there were three main styles of attachment: Secure attachment: Securely attached children seek comfort when frightened and prefer parents to strangers. Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secure base from which an infant can explore the world. • Completed 32 course training hours on topics convering childhood trauma, adoption, autism, childhood development, resiliency, foster care, and attachment theory. Defined as ‘seeking and maintaining proximity to another individual’ ( Bowlby, 1969, p. Because attachment theory covers the. Insecure attachment early in life may lead to. What Is Attachment Theory In Social Work. so please according to my religion, you need to write the assessment. noun Psychology. These tasks are familiar in the teachings of clinical social work practice. Bowlby describes attachment as: "Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another person across time and space. The attachment theory is designed to explain the evolution of that bond, its development, and its implications for human experience and relationships across the life course. Attachment theory definition, a set of concepts that explain the emergence of an emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver and the way in which this bond affects the child's behavioral and emotional development into adulthood. It is usually the ‘main’ person that is consistently meets a child’s needs. Attachment is one specific aspect of the relationship between a child and a parent with its purpose being to make a child safe, secure and protected. Joint Base Charleston AFGE Local 1869. Attachment theory is a theory that suggests a psychological bond between individuals that has consequences across the life-span for the way relationships develop and how people behave towards other. When a primary caregiver (usually, a mother) responds adequately to a child's needs, the child gets securely attached to the caregiver. The idea was pioneered by John Bowlby, but his attachment theory, as well as Mary Ainsworth’s ideas about attachment styles, mostly focused on the relationship between an infant and an adult caregiver. that attachment theory adheres to the notion that mental health issues come from detrimental early childhood caregiver relationships. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. The framework of theories offers social workers a way to address all of the client's issues. The attachment theory . Aug 25, 2010 · Abstract Historically, attachment theory has been an explanatory theory of human behavior applied to child development and, more recently, adult pair–bond relationships, personality. QUIZ Question Words nearby attachment theory. Lehmann and Coady (2001) further state that this can include a breakdown in relationships that fail to give a child emotional security, comfort and protection. 29 sept 2013. 27 abr 2018. He suggested that attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival. 13 #1, April 2006. There are at least three key messages that emerge from the evidence when considering how social workers can use attachment theory and research in their direct work with families. 31 mar 2020. 6) textbook’s definition: “a. In view of this, there is a need for critical social workers to question attachment theory and the positivist research instruments, which are being used to inform theory and practice. When a primary caregiver (usually, a mother) responds adequately to a child's needs, the child gets securely attached to the caregiver. The idea was pioneered by John Bowlby, but his attachment theory, as well as Mary Ainsworth’s ideas about attachment styles, mostly focused on the relationship between an infant and an adult caregiver. This could be parents/carers/grandparents/social workers or other . The attachment theory is designed to explain the evolution of that bond, its development, and its implications for human experience and relationships across the life course. Attachment theory definition, a set of concepts that explain the emergence of an emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver and the way in which this bond affects the child’s. Attachment Theory: Parent-Child Attachment Affects Relationship Skills Throughout Life. John Bowlby’s work on attachment theory dates back to the 1950’s. Continuing Education By A Social Worker (SC), Category I Social Work (WV), . Since Bowlby introduced the concept, psychologists have extended attachment research. What is attachment? Children’s attachment experiences are thought to be the foundation for their later social, emotional and cognitive development. Social work intervention is the practice of working in a variety of ways with individuals and families in need to help them become more independent. Emotion coaching can also be used by social workers, to some extent. 16 ene 2021. Attachment Theory Based on her observations and research, Ainsworth concluded that there were three main styles of attachment: Secure attachment: Securely attached children seek comfort when frightened and prefer parents to strangers. This theory is very appropriate in this context because of its fit with social work concepts of person-in-situation, the significance of developmental history in the emergence of psychosocial problems, and the content of human behavior in the social environment. This guide explores how each theory and practice model functions within the PIE theory. Bowlby defined an attachment as the 'lasting psychological connectedness between human beings' formed with the person who provides physical and emotional care (Bowlby, 1969). , parents) promote robust biological, emotional, and social development in childhood and throughout the life cycle. In recent studies this theory has been. Bowlby formulated his theory of the internal working model and attachment theory off the belief that children become attached to their caregiver as a survival mechanism. Dec 02, 2020 · At its core, social work focuses on "person-in-environment" (PIE) theory. inborn) need to attach to one main attachment figure. Attachment is the emotional bond that forms between infant and caregiver, and it is the means by which the helpless infant gets primary needs met. Reflect on standpoint theory and explain how Sikh values, ideas and opinions might affect others and my future practice as Social worker with indigenous and non-indigenous. , 2018), thus attaching, bonding, and embedding themselves. The ideas now guiding attachment theory have a long developmental history. Individual courses, not providers, are approved at the course level. Introduction to family social work pdf There is a noticeable decrease in social, work-related, and recreational involvement with the addict opting for indulgence in addictive behavior. In particular, attachment theory highlights the importance of a child's emotional bond with their primary caregivers. Reflect on standpoint theory and explain how Sikh values, ideas and opinions might affect others and my future practice as Social worker with indigenous and non-indigenous. Attachment theory definition, a set of concepts that explain the emergence of an emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver and the way in which this bond affects the child's behavioral and emotional development into adulthood. Individual courses, not providers, are approved at the course level. Relational Child and Youth Care. According to this theory, when behavior is successful, it is reinforced, increasing its frequency and intensity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 667-671. The idea was pioneered by John Bowlby, but his attachment theory, as well as Mary Ainsworth’s ideas about attachment styles, mostly focused on the relationship between an infant and an adult caregiver. Attachment Theory and Its Role in Relationships Across the Lifespan, course number 3944, is approved by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) Approved Continuing Education (ACE) program to be offered by Continued Social Work as an individual course. This paper outlines the core principles of attachment theory, acknowledges some of the criticisms, then traces the ways in which the theory has been developed over time. Attachment theory involves the study of relationships and behaviour patterns in action to keep a child with its primary caregiver, that is bonding of a baby after birth and the attachment during early years of development (Payne, 2014). What Is Attachment? Attachment is a special emotional relationship that involves an exchange of comfort, care, and pleasure. Attachment theory is a comprehensive theory of development (social and emotional), motivations, personality and psychopathology. Anxious-resistant attachment. The attachment model allows therapists to understand how clients relate to others and to help clients develop new models for engagement in the social world . This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social Sciences at . Attachment theory is a theory that suggests a psychological bond between individuals that has consequences across the life-span for the way relationships . Attachment theory will be a familiar concept for social workers who work with children; a model to understand how early experiences of care influence a child’s strategies for. In addition, it has captured the interests of doctors, teachers, lawyers, politicians and policy-makers, and is the subject of several commercially available books and training packages for social workers. Taking a comprehensive and wide-ranging look at the theories emerging in and around attachment theory, it provides a sophisticated but accessible base from which social workers can make sensitive assessments and develop humane practices. bailey base excogi
European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 667-671. . Attachment theory definition social work
Attachment Theory: Parent-Child Attachment Affects Relationship Skills Throughout Life. According to attachment theory, . This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. A student of John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth took attachment theory in a new direction by studying the behaviour of the caregiver, and its impact on infant attachment. Benefits of Attachment Therapy. But the caregivers may not always respond adequately to the infant’s needs. 18 ago 2022. It is usually the ‘main’ person that is consistently meets a child’s needs. Attachment behavior in adults. theory has become an established approach within social science research. In addition, this course explores how these attachment styles can be utilized in clinical intervention with clients. 5 of the rules of the Board of Clinical Social Work Examiners to determine if this course is in conformance with state regulations. This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. Dover Area School District - Wikipedia. John Bowlby, a psychoanalyst, described the term "attachment" in the context of infant-parent relationships. Dec 02, 2020 · Social workers can incorporate components of several different clinical theories in their work with clients. Attachment theory will be a familiar concept for social workers who work with children; a model to understand how early experiences of care . Social contract theory is the belief that societies exist through a mutual contract between individuals, and the state exists to serve the will of the people. Written by one of the leading names in social work, it provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the main practice theories that will act as a companion. Building on the work of ethologists (who study animal behavior under natural conditions), John Bowlby developed a theory of attachment. Disorganized-insecure attachment. Attachment theory, as pioneered by John Bowlby, is about how infants instinctively seek proximity to and comfort from a preferred or primary caregiver in response to stress. The idea of attachment theory is that infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive. Attachment Theory Definition An attachment refers to the strong emotional bond that exists between an infant and his or her caretaker. In simple terms, a theory is what you think about a specific situa tion and what you speculate might occur based on that situation, and. Attachment is distinguished from other aspects of parenting, such as disciplining, entertaining and teaching. It provides a great theoretical foundation and many of the recent advances in caring for abused and neglected children have. It then becomes an engine of subsequent. In another strategy the caregivers—children or adults—are experts who. Bowlby's evolutionary theory of attachment suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive. Avoidant-insecure attachment. Trauma-informed care is a way of providing services by which social workers recognize the prevalence of early adversity in the lives of clients, view presenting problems as symptoms of maladaptive coping, and understand how early trauma shapes a client's fundamental beliefs about the world and affects his or her. 4j03 week 1 reading – chapter 1: social movements: the structure of collective action defining social movements (pg. While political communication theory has been defined as communication between political leaders, media, and the citizens, its mainstream application has paid greater attention to political marketing. This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. A general definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person’s awareness explain why they behave a certain way. Gregory Mankiw 9th edition - Academia. Attachment refers to the ability to form emotional bonds and empathic, enjoyable relationships with other people, especially close family members. It can even determine what kinds of ‘problems’ we have, in our friendships or at work. It refers specifically to the child’s sense of security and safety when in the company of a particular adult (Wittmer, 2011). Social Work in full-time form of study Matrix of learning objectives and outcomes Learning objective 1 Ability to perform scientific research activities in the field of social work as a team member and an independent expert. This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. Attachment theory is a groundbreaking observation that explains the functions and importance of the child-parent bond. com: Attachment Theory for Social Work Practice: 9780333625620: Howe, David: Books. Essay 1: This essay focuses on the dissonance between the theoretical and practical applications of political communication. Key Takeaways: Attachment Theory Attachment is a deep, emotional bond that forms between two people. Though attachment therapy is often recommended for those who had negative childhood experiences, anyone struggling to foster deep connections with others might benefit therapy. Nov 03, 2021 · Course: #1285 Level: Intermediate 1 Hour 549 Reviews. RELATED READS: Attachment Theory and Child Development. (shelved 20 times as attachment-theory) avg rating 4. Secure attachment means the infant has a 'secure base' from where to explore the world. Then, Tajfel and his student John Turner introduced social identity theory in 1979. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social Sciences at . com/attachment-theory-4771954" h="ID=SERP,6164. Nonresponsive or rejecting interactions with a caretaker lead the child to feel anxiety, insecurity, and low self-esteem. theories to life through the interpretation of illustrative historic and current biographies. Psychodynamic theory. For babies, attachments to a caregiver come from a biological instinct to stay as close to the caregiver as possible for safety. This theory includes an exploration of the ways people develop shared meaning to form and organize their social structures and systems. For example. Social work intervention is the practice of working in a variety of ways with individuals and families in need to help them become more independent. 13 #1, April 2006. define chronic health. Seven Principles for using attachment-based approaches in child protection work 1. Attachment therapy is based on attachment theory and explores how one's childhood experiences might impact their ability to form meaningful bonds as adults. Goitse B. Attachment theory, as pioneered by John Bowlby, is about how infants instinctively seek proximity to and comfort from a preferred or primary caregiver in response to stress. When the child is threatened, it can return to this secure base. It was developed in 1967 by the Psychological Services staff of a Head Start program in Chicago. 1 ene 2006. Attachment theory. Aug 25, 2010 · Abstract Historically, attachment theory has been an explanatory theory of human behavior applied to child development and, more recently, adult pair–bond relationships, personality. Infants with a. Social work ethics and values are spelled out in the NASW Code of Ethics. Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secure base from which an infant can explore the world. They can then plan effective intervention strategies to assist clients in organizing appropriate pathways to correct negative self- and object-working models toward the objective of adopting a secure attachment style. Attachment theory definition social work Many of these theories have been developed within the past century, and. What is attachment? “Young children, who for whatever reason are deprived of the continuous care and attention of a mother or a substitute-mother, . edu Macroeconomics by N. Attachment Theory: Social Work Implications that attachment theory adheres to the notion that mental health issues come from detrimental early childhood caregiver relationships. Attachment theory is the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Ainsworth &. Lehmann and Coady (2001) further state that this can include a breakdown in relationships that fail to give a child emotional security, comfort and protection. Dec 02, 2020 · Social workers can incorporate components of several different clinical theories in their work with clients. Defining attachment. Updated: 11/09/2021 Create an account. Dec 13, 2019 · Attachment refers to the ability to form emotional bonds and empathic, enjoyable relationships with other people, especially close family members. A child has an innate (i. Sep 25, 2020 · What is attachment theory? Parents have many roles: You teach your children, discipline them, and take them to the dentist. Attachment theory definition social work Many of these theories have been developed within the past century, and. Jul 02, 2020 · 4 Parent-Child Attachment Styles. anxious-preoccupied, 2. 6) textbook’s definition: “a. John Bowlby’s work on attachment theory dates back to the 1950’s. Essay 1: This essay focuses on the dissonance between the theoretical and practical applications of political communication. 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